Participation 4

Chapter 5 Exercises 1, 3, and 4:

1. Consider your research question. What is the big question that you are addressing? This is an overarching general question that will drive your research and the decisions that you make along the way.

My big question is: Do ketogenic diets have an effect on cancer?

What is the specific question that you are addressing? Write your specific research question on the lines below. (Note that I have not left too much room for your answer. This is because your question should be written in a concise way!) My specific question is: Do ketogenic diets have a therapeutic effect on cancers?

What literature did you read to inspire this question? Here, cite 10-20 articles in APA format, and summarize each article. (There is a space here for 10 articles. Use your research lab log if you need more space for additional articles.

Marsh J, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN. Drug/diet synergy for managing malignant astrocytoma in mice: 2-deoxy-D-glucose and the restricted ketogenic diet. Nutr Metab. 2008;5:33. Find six research journals. What is the scope of each journal (as defined in its website and the journal’s pages)?

32 mice separated into 4 groups by weight    Mice underwent KD-R as well as being injected with 2-DG (25mg/kg). Euthanized 13 days after tumor implant        A combination of KD-R and 2-DG therapy shows synergistic effects in the inhibition of malignant astrocytoma

 Otto C, Kaemmerer U, Illert B, Muehling B, Pfetzer N, Wittig R, Voelker HU, Thiede A, Coy JF. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:122.

24 NMRI mice. Randomly split into 2 feeding groups          Mice were fed either SD ad libitum or had a KD. Ended when tumor reaches 600-700 mm¬¬¬3         Tumor growth was significantly delayed in the KD mice. After day 20 KD grew much faster

 Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, McGowan R, Mukherjee P. Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1375–82.

 33 mice, 13 under SD and 20 under KD       SD mice were fed PROLAB chow ad libitum and KD were fed. Ended after 13 days   Intracerebral CT-2A tumor weighed approximately 86% less in SD-R group and 80% less in KD-R group. Did not prevent tumor only slowed down.

  Allen BG, Bhatia SK, Buatti JM, Brandt KE, Lindholm KE, Button AM, Szweda LI, Smith BJ, Spitz DR, Fath MA. Ketogenic diets enhance oxidative stress and radio-chemo-therapy responses in lung cancer xenografts. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2013;19:3905–13.

-Control group n=10 -IR group n=16 -IR +KD group n=16 -carboplatin n=6 -carboplatin+KD n=5

-IR + carboplatin + KD n=14       KD mice were fed KetoCal®, treated conventionally fractioned or hypofractioned radiation. As well as conventionally fractioned and carboplatin. KD enhances the radio-chemo-therapy responses in cancer xenografts, may be due to increased oxidative stress

•  Zhou W, Mukherjee P, Kiebish MA, Markis WT, Mantis JG, Seyfried TN. The calorically restricted ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for malignant brain cancer. Nutr Metab. 2007;4:5.
  •  -Mice with CT-2A transplant n=27
  • -Mice with U87-MG transplant n=32 Mice were fed either SD-UR, KC-UR, or KC-R. Experiment terminated once tumor reached 2.5cm3 KetoCal® in restricted amounts had anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in experimental mice and human brain tumors.
  •  Freedland SJ, Mavropoulos J, Wang A, Darshan M, Demark-Wahnefried W, Aronson WJ, Cohen P, Hwang D, Peterson B, Fields T, et al. Carbohydrate restriction, prostate cancer growth, and the insulin-like growth factor axis. The Prostate. 2008;68:11–9.
    • 75 male SCID mice    Were fed either NCKD, low-fat or western diet. After 24 days injected with LAPC-4 cells and sacrificed when tumor approached 1,000mm3          NCKD-fed mice showed significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival relative to western mice. Also showed favorable changes in serum insulin and IGF axis hormones
  •   Beck SA, Tisdale MJ. Nitrogen Excretion in Cancer Cachexia and Its Modification by a High Fat Diet in Mice. Cancer Res. 1989;49:3800–4.
    • Pure strain NMRI mice- Fed standard diet, 50% carbohydrate 11.5% fat. – Other mice were fed 80% calories from medium chain triglycerides-After 8 days mice were put into Metabowls and urine collected for 24hours  Results show that it is possible to reverse the protein-mobilizing effect of cachexia-inducing tumor through a ketogenic diet. In addition, the ketogenic diet is able to increase the host’s weight while decreasing tumor weight.
  • Rieger J, Bähr O, Maurer GD, Hattingen E, Franz K, Brucker D, Walenta S, Kämmerer U, Coy JF, Weller M, et al. ERGO: a pilot study of ketogenic diet in recurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol. 2014;44:1843–52.
    • Johannes Rieger et al. (19) 20 patients with recurring glioblastoma Plant oil based ketogenic diet in conjunction with bevacizumab No major difference in metabolic parameters (glucose, lactate and ATP)- trended towards stronger effectiveness of bevacizumab in KD animals 
  •  Schmidt M, Pfetzer N, Schwab M, Strauss I, Kämmerer U. Effects of a ketogenic diet on the quality of life in 16 patients with advanced cancer: A pilot trial. Nutr Metab. 2011;8:54.
    • 16 patients with advanced cancer and no conventional therapeutic options  KD with less than 70g of CHO/day. Quality of life tested every 2 weeks. – A KD is suitable for even advanced cancer patients. – No severe side effects- Improved quality of life

– Improved quality of blood in patients with advanced metastatic tumors

• Fine EJ, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Feinman RD, Herszkopf S, Romano MC, Tomuta N, Bontempo AF, Negassa A, Sparano JA. Targeting insulin inhibition as a metabolic therapy in advanced cancer: a pilot safety and feasibility dietary trial in 10 patients. Nutr Burbank Los Angel Cty Calif. 2012;28:1028–35.
  • 10 patients with advanced incurable cancers.            Diet where CHO accounted for 5% of total kcal intake or less            – 10 subjects completed between 26 to 28 days without adverse effects. -insulin-inhibiting diet is safe and feasible in selected patients with advanced cancers
• Find six research journals. What is the scope of each journal (as defined in its website and the journals pages?
  • List the links to the journals here.
    • https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/about
    • https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijo
    • http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/?utm_source=home&utm_medium=dropdown&utm_campaign=menu
    • https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/10970045/homepage/productinformation.html
    • http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/
    • https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/
  • Copy one journal’s statement of its “scope” here.
    • Nutrition & Metabolism publishes studies with a clear focus on nutrition and metabolism with applications ranging from nutrition needs, exercise physiology, clinical and population studies, as well as the underlying mechanisms in these aspects.
  • Imagine you are submitting a research paper to the journal. What is the tittle of your paper as a function of each journal’s scope, as defined above? Provide six titles for the same research paper. Do these titles reflect the question? Why is the question important, and what is new in your study? The effects of a carbohydrate restrictive diet on malignant brain tumors. This is an important question to study because there is a fair amount of literature and clinical trials that are indicative of a positive relationship between the two factors. So, it would be important to do further studies and test the validity of the hypothesis at hand.
• Read the submission guidelines of three journals. Which journal(s) would you select for your paper?
  • I would submit to Nutrition & Metabolism.
  • Write an abstract for a possible research study. How does the abstract change as a function of each journal’s scope and submission guidelines?
    • Abstract: Research on the ability of ketogenic diets (KD) to influence the growth and survival of cancer cells is very scarce but promising. The inability of cancer cells to readily metabolize ketone bodies gives reason to further investigate the implications of induced ketosis through a KD. This relationship between KD and several forms of cancer are presented in experimental studies involving mice and humans. A review of KD as a therapeutic device for treating cancer is also thoroughly covered along with the potential benefits of a calorically restricted KD. The following research also looks for the potential effects of a KD on known radio-chemo-therapies and treatments. 
    • Depending on the scope of the journal I submit to will decide the abstract. The contents of the article may stay the same, but the abstract will change based on what preferences the journal has. For example, Nutrition & Metabolism has these guidelines:
      •  how diet and specific nutrients interact with genes, proteins or metabolites to influence metabolic phenotypes and disease outcomes;
      • the role of epigenetic factors and the microbiome in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and their influence on metabolic responses to diet and food components;
      • how diet and other environmental factors affect epigenetics and microbiota; the extent to which genetic and nongenetic factors modify personal metabolic responses to diet and food compositions and the mechanisms involved;
      • how specific biologic networks and nutrient sensing mechanisms attribute to metabolic variability

Chapter 6 Number 6 (Elona Poltiyelova)

Find three ads for research studies on the web and write the pros and cons of each. Also would you participate in the studies? why or why not?

1. https://www.iths.org/participate/healthy-moms-healthy-kids/

Pros: Has a goal that is beneficial to families. ” The results of the study will inform future policy to better protect families. “

Cons: Doesn’t describe what the participants would have to do in the study. No pictures or eye popping images to catch a persons attention.

I would not participate in this study because i am not pregnant or breast feeding therefore don’t qualify. However if I did qualify I would contact the researcher and find out more details before making a final decision.

2. https://www.iths.org/participate/quitbot/

Pros: This study is for a good cause and can help people in need of assistance to quit smoking. Compensation is provided

Cons: Very limited sample, only native Americans. Doesn’t describe the smoking cessation techniques.

Since I am not a smoker I do not qualify. However I would participate if I qualified and needed help to quit smoking because I wont be losing anything by trying different techniques that can help end a bad habit.

3. https://recruit.cumc.columbia.edu/clinical_trial/1316

Pro: Explains a clear positive purpose, which is to see if a mobile app can help patients with OCD.

Con: It doesn not explain any information about the app or how long the study would last.

I am not qualified for this study therefore will not participate.

CHAPTER 4 #3 (Tania Duran)

In figure 4.1 there is a young girl probably around the age of 6 or 7, wearing a jean jacket with a white top, stockings and long black boots. Hair is about shoulder length, covering her face a bit. She is sitting in a room with hard wood floor and you can see a window behind her with see through curtains. She is holding what seems to be a plastic toy cup in her right hand that she is using to cover little toys on the floor.

In figure 4.2 there is a little girl probably the age of 2-3 years old, wearing what seems to be a button down jackets and some pants that have many little triangles on them and socks with ruffles on them. She has very short hair and has a pacifier in her mouth also nail polish on her tiny little nails. She’s sitting on a carpet, looks very cozy and has a pillow behind her. She is holding in both hands little toys while starring at them very focused.